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According collector status, many conclusions about carbon brushes function could be made. Therefore, a great variety of collector and carbon brushes function problems were described and standardized.  | P2, P4, P6 are pictures of normal patina status. Patina is unique, and color pigment is unessential. |  | P12 Patina with very accented different wide lines. There is no collector wear.
Causer: very high humidity, oil steam, agressive gas and low current. |  | P14 Streaked patina similar as well as P12, but there is collector wear.
Causer: as well as P12 , more intensivly and longer periodor or material grade missing. |  | P16 Different color pigment and shape stains.
Causer: oval collector or vicious working conditions. |  | P22 Patina with dark areas and uniform or unisotropic dots distribution on one or more segments.
Causer: as well as P16, subsequently motor vibrations motora came from mounted axle or damaged bearing |  | P24 Limited dark stains next to lamella edges.
Causer: rising lamellas. |  | P26 Lamella with dark spots in the middle or next to edge.
Causer: irregular collector service or low brush preasure, unfitting material grade. |  | P42 Alternating dark and bright lamellas.
Causer: different value of current through parallel windings. |  | P46 |  | T10 Dark stains next to lamella edges.
Causer: shorter motor stop with load or longer motor stop (without load). |  | T12 Dark stains.
Causer: reentering lamella (fig. L4) |  | T14 |  | T16 Clearly defined areas with lamella burned edges.
Causer: rising insulation (fig. L6). |  | T18 Dark spots.
Causer: lamellas edge incorrect service. |  | B2, B6, B8 Burned lamellas edges or middles.
Causer: sparking caused commutation problem. |  | B10 Burned areas with bright dots, different size and frequency.
Causer: sparking under brush surface. |  | L2 Rising segment
L4 Reentering segment
L6 Rising insulation
L8 Segment edge deformation caused incorrect collector service
L10 Cooper insertion due to impacts and vibrations. |
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